11.1: Feedback Control (2023)

  1. Last updated
  2. Save as PDF
  • Page ID
    22644
  • \( \newcommand{\vecs}[1]{\overset { \scriptstyle \rightharpoonup} {\mathbf{#1}}}\) \( \newcommand{\vecd}[1]{\overset{-\!-\!\rightharpoonup}{\vphantom{a}\smash{#1}}} \)\(\newcommand{\id}{\mathrm{id}}\) \( \newcommand{\Span}{\mathrm{span}}\) \( \newcommand{\kernel}{\mathrm{null}\,}\) \( \newcommand{\range}{\mathrm{range}\,}\) \( \newcommand{\RealPart}{\mathrm{Re}}\) \( \newcommand{\ImaginaryPart}{\mathrm{Im}}\) \( \newcommand{\Argument}{\mathrm{Arg}}\) \( \newcommand{\norm}[1]{\| #1 \|}\) \( \newcommand{\inner}[2]{\langle #1, #2 \rangle}\) \( \newcommand{\Span}{\mathrm{span}}\) \(\newcommand{\id}{\mathrm{id}}\) \( \newcommand{\Span}{\mathrm{span}}\) \( \newcommand{\kernel}{\mathrm{null}\,}\) \( \newcommand{\range}{\mathrm{range}\,}\) \( \newcommand{\RealPart}{\mathrm{Re}}\) \( \newcommand{\ImaginaryPart}{\mathrm{Im}}\) \( \newcommand{\Argument}{\mathrm{Arg}}\) \( \newcommand{\norm}[1]{\| #1 \|}\) \( \newcommand{\inner}[2]{\langle #1, #2 \rangle}\) \( \newcommand{\Span}{\mathrm{span}}\)\(\newcommand{\AA}{\unicode[.8,0]{x212B}}\)

    Introduction

    There are many different control mechanisms that can be used, both in everyday life and in chemical engineering applications. Two broad control schemes, both of which encompass each other are feedback control and feed-forward control. Feedback control is a control mechanism that uses information from measurements to manipulate a variable to achieve the desired result. Feed-forward control, also called anticipative control, is a control mechanism that predicts the effects of measured disturbances and takes corrective action to achieve the desired result. The focus of this article is to explain application, advantages, and disadvantages of feedback control.

    Feedback control is employed in a wide variety of situations in everyday life, from simple home thermostats that maintain a specified temperature, to complex devices that maintain the position of communication satellites. Feedback control also occurs in natural situations, such as the regulation of blood-sugar levels in the body. Feedback control was even used more than 2,000 years ago by the Greeks, who manufactured such systems as the float valve which regulated water level. Today, this same idea is used to control water levels in boilers and reservoirs.

    Feedback Control

    In feedback control, the variable being controlled is measured and compared with a target value. This difference between the actual and desired value is called the error. Feedback control manipulates an input to the system to minimize this error. Figure \(\PageIndex{1}\) shows an overview of a basic feedback control loop. The error in the system would be the Output - Desired Output. Feedback control reacts to the system and works to minimize this error. The desired output is generally entered into the system through a user interface. The output of the system is measured (by a flow meter, thermometer or similar instrument) and the difference is calculated. This difference is used to control the system inputs to reduce the error in the system.

    11.1: Feedback Control (2)

    To understand the principle of feedback control, consider Figure \(\PageIndex{2}\) In order to bake cookies, one has to preheat an electric oven to 350°F. After setting the desired temperature, a sensor takes a reading inside the oven. If the oven is below the set temperature, a signal is sent to the heater to power on until the oven heats to the desired temperature. In this example, the variable to be controlled (oven temperature) is measured and determines how the input variable (heat into oven) should be manipulated to reach the desired value.

    11.1: Feedback Control (3)

    Feedback control can also be demonstrated with human behavior. For example, if a person goes outside in Michigan winter, he or she will experience a temperature drop in the skin. The brain (controller) receives this signal and generates a motor action to put on a jacket. This minimizes the discrepancy between the skin temperature and the physiological set point in the person. The example is illustrated below:

    11.1: Feedback Control (4)

    There are two types of feedback control: negative and positive. Negative feedback is the most useful control type since it typically helps a system converge toward an equilibrium state. On the other hand, positive feedback can lead a system away from an equilibrium state thus rendering it unstable, even potentially producing unexpected results. Unless stated explicitly, the term feedback control most often refers to negative feedback.

    Negative Feedback

    By definition, negative feedback is when a change (increase/decrease) in some variable results in an opposite change (decrease/increase) in a second variable. This is demonstrated in Figure \(\PageIndex{3}\) where a loop represents a variation toward a plus that triggers a correction toward the minus, and vice versa. Negative feedback leads to a tight control situation whereby the corrective action taken by the controller forces the controlled variable toward the set point, thus leading the system to oscillate around equilibrium.

    11.1: Feedback Control (5)

    Figure \(\PageIndex{4}\) shows the negative feedback mechanism between Duck Population and Duck Death Rate. For a given flock, we say that if the death rate increases, the duck flock will decrease. On the contrary, if the duck flock increases, the death rate of the flock will decrease.

    11.1: Feedback Control (6)

    Positive Feedback

    As opposed to negative feedback, positive feedback is when a change (increase/decrease) in some variable results in a subsequently similar change (increase/decrease) in a second variable. In some cases, positive feedback leads to an undesirable behavior whereby the system diverges away from equilibrium. This can cause the system to either run away toward infinity, risking an expansion or even an explosion, or run away toward zero, which leads to a total blocking of activities (Figure \(\PageIndex{5}\)).

    11.1: Feedback Control (7)

    Figure \(\PageIndex{6}\) shows the feedback mechanism responsible for the growth of a duck flock via births. In this example, we consider two system variables: Duck Births and Ducks Population. For a given flock, we state that if the birth rate increases, the duck flock will increase. Similarly, if the duck flock increases, the birth rate of the flock will increase.

    11.1: Feedback Control (8)
    (Video) Intro to Control - 11.1 Steady State Error (with Proportional Control)

    Applications

    Control mechanisms are used to achieve a desired output or operating condition. More specifically, feedback control is a useful mechanism in numerous applications across many engineering fields. In chemical engineering, feedback control is commonly used to manipulate and stabilize the conditions of a CSTR. Figure \(\PageIndex{7}\) shows how feedback control can be effectively used to stabilize the concentrations of reactants in a CSTR by adjusting the flow rates.

    CSTR with Feedback Control

    Several types of feedback control can be used to manipulate the conditions in a CSTR: positive feedback, negative feedback, or a combination of both. Figure \(\PageIndex{7}\) illustrates each of these possible situations. As depicted below, each CSTR is equipped with two electrodes that measure the voltage of the solution contained inside the reactor. A computer adjusts the flow rates of the pump(s) in response to any changes in the voltage.

    11.1: Feedback Control (9)

    11.1: Feedback Control (10)

    11.1: Feedback Control (11)
    • (a) All of the reagents are pumped into the reactor by the same pump. The flow rate through the pump is adjusted constantly by a negative feedback mechanism; when level of the iodide solution is low, the computer detects the insufficiency and increases the flow rate of all the reactants.
    • (b) The iodide solution is pumped into the reactor by one pump, while the other two reactants are pumped in at a constant flow rate. The flow rate of the iodine solution is controlled by a negative feedback mechanism; when the computer detects an insufficient amount of iodine in the CSTR, it signals the pump. The flow rate of iodine into the CSTR is therefore increased.
    • (c) Two pumps are used to feed the reactor: one pump for the iodine solution and one for the ClO2 and H+ solutions. The flow of the iodine solution is controlled by a negative feedback mechanism; if the computer detects an iodine deficiency, it signals Pump 2 to increase the flow rate of the iodide solution. The flow rate of the ClO2 and H+ solutions is controlled by a positive feedback mechanism; if the computer detects an iodide deficiency, it will signal Pump 1 to decrease the flow rates of ClO2 and H+,thereby increasing the concentraion of iodide.

    It is easy to see that by combining feedback controls, such as in Figure \(\PageIndex{1c}\), output concentrations and operating conditions can be maintained at the desired state much more effectively than by only using one type of feedback control.

    Advantages and Disadvantages

    The unique architecture of the feedback control provides for many advantages and disadvantages. It is important to look at the exact application the control will be used for before determining which type of control will be the best choice (see Cascade Control Systemsand Feed Forward Control).

    Advantages: The advantages of feedback control lie in the fact that the feedback control obtains data at the process output. Because of this, the control takes into account unforeseen disturbances such as frictional and pressure losses. Feedback control architecture ensures the desired performance by altering the inputs immediately once deviations are observed regardless of what caused the disturbance. An additional advantage of feedback control is that by analyzing the output of a system, unstable processes may be stabilized. Feedback controls do not require detailed knowledge of the system and, in particular, do not require a mathematical model of the process. Feedback controls can be easily duplicated from one system to another. A feedback control system consists of five basic components: (1) input, (2) process being controlled, (3) output, (4) sensing elements, and (5) controller and actuating devices. A final advantage of feedback control stems from the ability to track the process output and, thus, track the system’s overall performance.

    Disadvantages: Time lag in a system causes the main disadvantage of feedback control. With feedback control, a process deviation occurring near the beginning of the process will not be recognized until the process output. The feedback control will then have to adjust the process inputs in order to correct this deviation. This results in the possibility of substantial deviation throughout the entire process. The system could possibly miss process output disturbance and the error could continue without adjustment. Generally, feedback controllers only take input from one sensor. This may be inefficient if there is a more direct way to control a system using multiple sensors. Operator intervention is generally required when a feedback controller proves unable to maintain stable closed-loop control. Because the control responds to the perturbation after its occurrence, perfect control of the system is theoretically impossible. Finally, feedback control does not take predictive control action towards the effects of known disturbances.

    Closed Loop Control versus Open Loop Control

    Although there are various types of controllers, most of them can be grouped into one of the two broad categories: closed loop and open loop controllers. The subsections below summarize the differentiation.

    Closed Loop System

    In a closed loop control system, the input variable is adjusted by the controller in order to minimize the error between the measured output variable and its set point. This control design is synonymous to feedback control, in which the deviations between the measured variable and a set point are fed back to the controller to generate appropriate control actions.The controller C takes the difference e between ther reference r and the output to change the inputs u to the system. This is shown in figure below. The output of the system y is fed back to the sensor, and the measured outputs go to the reference value

    11.1: Feedback Control (12)

    Open Loop System

    On the other hand, any control system that does not use feedback information to adjust the process is classified as open loop control. In open loop control, the controller takes in one or several measured variables to generate control actions based on existing equations or models. Consider a CSTR reactor that needs to maintain a set reaction temperature by means of steam flow (Figure \(\PageIndex{8}\)): A temperature sensor measures the product temperature, and this information is sent to a computer for processing. But instead of outputting a valve setting by using the error in temperature, the computer (controller) simply plugs the information into a predetermined equation to reach output valve setting. In other words, the valve setting is simply a function of product temperature.

    11.1: Feedback Control (13)

    Note that the open loop controller only uses the current state of the measured variable (product temperature) and a model to generate its control output (valve setting), as opposed to monitoring errors that have already taken place. As the result, the quality of the control system depends entirely upon the accuracy of the implemented model, which is challenging to develop. For this reason, feedback, or closed loop, controllers are generally recognized as the more reliable control system.

    Short Summary on Closed and Open Loop Controllers

    • Feedback Controller = Closed Loop Controller
    • Non-Feedback Controller = Open Loop Controller
    Example \(\PageIndex{1}\)

    Your company is designing a plant to produce biodiesel. Several of the unit processes require heated water that is under tight temperature control. The desired temperature of the water is 65°C ± 1°C. To accomplish this, steam will be used in a shell and tube heat exchanger to heat the incoming water.

    A member on the project team suggests the following feed forward control system to regulate the temperature of the water stream. Temperature and flow rate data for the incoming steam and water streams will be used along with energy balance calculations to determine the flow rate of steam required to keep the exiting water stream at the appropriate temperature.

    11.1: Feedback Control (14)

    You on the other hand suggest a feedback control system. Place the appropriate sensors, actuators, and controllers to implement a feedback control system that will allow for the control of the exiting water temperature. What are some of the advantages and disadvantages of using a feedback control system over a feed forward control system?

    (Video) Intro to Control - 10.3 Proportional Feedback Control

    Solution

    In the feedback control system, the temperature of the variable to be controlled is measured directly. If the exiting water temperature is too high, the controller will decrease the amount of steam entering the shell side of the heat exchanger. Likewise, if the exiting water temperature is too low, the controller will increase the amount of steam entering the shell side of the heat exchanger. This is an example of negative feedback at work to keep the exiting temperature at the setpoint.

    11.1: Feedback Control (15)

    Advantages

    • Effective regardless of the origin of the disturbance.
    • Relatively simple to implement. A mathematical model of the exiting water temperature is not needed.

    Disadvantages

    • Corrective action taken only after there is a deviation in the output from the set point.
    • Can cause instability if incorrectly tuned
    Example \(\PageIndex{1}\)

    Of the following two scenarios, which would be the best to use a feedback control?

    • Solution
      • A feed-forward control or feed-forward/feedback system would most appropriate for the first scenario. In this situation, it is critical that the pH of the waste stream not drop below the setpoint of pH 6. It is also desirable to minimize the use of lime, since this reduces the cost of the waste treatment. Therefore very tight process controls are desired, for which a feed-forward or feed forward/feedback system would be most appropriate. A feed-forward system can adjust to changes in inputs before they cause deviations in the output stream. Additionally, since there are important fluctuations two process inputs (pH variations in both the lime slurry and the acidic waste), feed-forward controls would be favored over feedback control.
      • A feedback control would be most useful for the second scenario. There is only one monitored variable (concentration of reduced wine) and only one manipulated variable (steam). Since minor fluctuations about the wine concentration set point are not critical, the performance of a typical feedback control system would be acceptable. It would be hard to implement a feed-forward control system since the concentration of the wine feed to the evaporator may fluctuate and is not monitored.
    Example \(\PageIndex{3}\)

    Using a shell and tube heat exchanger, a fuel stream is pre-heated using a steam stream from the utilities part of the plant. The plant is located in Ann Arbor, Michigan. Originally, a feedback controller is implemented to control the amount of steam coming into the shell and tube exchanger based on the temperature of the flow out of the exchanger. This is depicted below.

    11.1: Feedback Control (16)

    Upon implementation in the process, it was found that the feed temperature was not the only factor in the variance of the outlet stream. Because the plant is operated in Michigan, the steam temperature varies between seasons, colder in the winter and warmer in the summer. Propose a control scheme to account for both of these variances.

    Solution

    (Video) problem 11.1 Control systems engineering (Le381)

    Here a cascade control scheme would be optimal to control the outlet temperature of the stream to a desired temperature, not just a feedback controller. The scheme is depicted below.

    11.1: Feedback Control (17)

    The feedback control previously used to control the system is still implemented, however it is now reporting to the flow controller before the steam control valve. Also, there is a temperature controller now incorporated in the control scheme. This is a feed forward controller that also controls the flow controller for the steam control valve. Thus the primary control loops, the feed forward and feedback control loops, comprise the secondary control loop in the cascade control. This incorporates both the temperature of the incoming feed stream, which is controlled by feedback control via the temperature sensor after the exchanger. This is because the temperature of the outlet stream would vary with the temperature of the inlet stream if the steam stream were not accounted for. But accounting for the temperature of the steam stream, via a feed forward controller that is based on a temperature sensor before the control valve, will give a better approximation and more control over the temperature of the outlet stream. This is also a very good example of combining several control architectures and how they function in a real-world application, and why a feedback controller in not necessarily the most accurate control.

    Example \(\PageIndex{4}\)

    A blending system is used to mix a process stream (Stream 1, pure A) with liquid catalyst (Stream 2, pure B). The mixture then flows into a reactor. The flowrate of stream 1 (f1) can vary but it is possible to manipulate the flowrate of stream 2 (f2). The outflow rate from the reactor (f3) also can be manipulated via a pump. The level in the measures by a level transmitter that sends its signal to a level controller. All three flow rates can be measured, but measuring the composition of the streams is impossible. In order to control the level of the tank, and engineer has two options:

    1. manipulate f2 while holding f3 constant
    2. manipulate f3 while holding f2 constant

    Could method (i) utilize feedforward or feedback control of the level? If so, explain how it can be done.

    Could method (ii) utilize feedforward or feedback control of the level? If so, explain how it can be done.

    11.1: Feedback Control (18)

    Solution

    For configuration (i)

    • Feedback: If you measure h, when it goes up, you can reduce f2, and when it goes down, you can increase f2
    • Feedforward: If you measure f1, when it goes up, you can reduce f2, and and when it goes down, you can increase f2. You are indirectly controlling h due to the mass balance.

    For configuration (ii)

    • Feedback: If you measure h, when it goes up, you can increase f3, and when it goes down, you can decrease f3.
    • Feedforward: If you measure f1, when it goes up, you can reduce f3, and when it goes down, you can reduce f3.

    This problem was meant to explore different strategies for both feedback and feedforward control configurations. Additionally, it demonstrates how controlling the manipulated variables (either f2 for configuration (i) or f3 for configuration (ii)) affects the desired outcome (maintaining consistent tank height).

    (Video) Intro to Control - 10.1 Feedback Control Basics

    References

    • Lee, P., Newell, R., Cameron, I.(1998).Process Control and Management, London:Blackie Academic & Professional. ISBN 0-7514-0457-8
    • Marlin, T.(2000). Process Control: Designing Processes and Control Systems for Dynamic Performance, Boston:Mcgraw Hill. ISBN 0-07-039362-1
    • Palazoglu, A., Romagnoli, J.(2006).Introduction to Process Control, Boca Raton:Taylor & Francis. ISBN 0-8493-3696-9
    • Perry,R.H.(1997). Perry's Chemical Engineer's Handbook, 7th Edition, McGraw-Hill. ISBN 978-0-07-049841-9
    • National Lime Association Article. Using Lime for Acid Neutralization. September 2000.
    • MIT Open Courseware. (2006). "Lesson 8: Cascade and Feedforward Control Schemes," [1]
    (Video) Modern Robotics, Chapter 11.5: Force Control

    Contributors and Attributions

    • Authors: Eddy Kim, Bing Liu, Tyler Roehm, Samah Tout
    • Stewards: Gillian Berberich, Katie Feldt, Christopher Mark, Jason Wong
    • Cara Canady, David Carpenter, Che Martinez, Jeremy Minty, Bradley Novak

    FAQs

    What is an example of feedback control? ›

    An example of a feedback control system is the central heating and air conditioning system for a home, or building. A thermostat or temperature sensor is the feedback sensor that measures the room temperature and compares it to the desired temperature or set point, calculating a difference or error.

    What is positive feedback control system? ›

    Overview. Positive feedback enhances or amplifies an effect by it having an influence on the process which gave rise to it. For example, when part of an electronic output signal returns to the input, and is in phase with it, the system gain is increased.

    What are the 4 main components of the feedback control loops? ›

    The four components of a negative feedback loop are: stimulus, sensor, control center, and effector. If too great a quantity of the chemical were excreted, sensors would activate a control center, which would in turn activate an effector. In this case, the effector (the secreting cells) would be adjusted downward.

    What are the basic requirements to achieve a good feedback control system? ›

    A feedback control system consists of five basic components: (1) input, (2) process being controlled, (3) output, (4) sensing elements, and (5) controller and actuating devices.

    What are the 3 types of feedback? ›

    The three forms of feedback: appreciation, coaching and evaluation.

    What are the 4 types of feedback? ›

    There are four types of constructive feedback:
    • Negative feedback – corrective comments about past behaviour. ...
    • Positive feedback – affirming comments about past behaviour. ...
    • Negative feed-forward – corrective comments about future performance. ...
    • Positive feed-forward – affirming comments about future behaviour.

    Which feedback is better positive or negative? ›

    It has been found generally that those who receive positive feedback achieve greater success in subsequent performance while those who receive negative feedback perform worse [5].

    What are the types of feedback control? ›

    There are two main types of feedback control systems: negative feedback and pos- itive feedback. In a positive feedback control system the setpoint and output values are added. In a negative feedback control the setpoint and output values are subtracted.

    What are the 5 steps of a feedback loop? ›

    5 Essential Elements of a Feedback Loop
    • 1) Get Everyone Involved in the Process Early On.
    • 2) Focus on More Than Just the Data.
    • 3) Analyze the Data to Make It Actionable.
    • 4) Discuss Results with Employees.
    • 5) Create Opportunities For Employees to Take Action.

    What are the 3 major components of a feedback system? ›

    The three common components of a feedback loop are the receptor (sensor), the control center (integrator or comparator), and effectors. A sensor, or commonly known as a receptor, detects and transmits a physiological value to the control center.

    Which 3 are feedback loops in Scrum? ›

    The three pillars - Inspect, Adapt and Transparent. The Transparency pillar is the key for "feedback (loop)" which would evolve during all scrum meetings (that may include daily meetings as well I believe).

    What are the 7 requirements of effective feedback? ›

    Feedback Essentials
    • Goal-Referenced. Effective feedback requires that a person has a goal, takes action to achieve the goal, and receives goal-related information about his or her actions. ...
    • Tangible and Transparent. ...
    • Actionable. ...
    • User-Friendly. ...
    • Timely. ...
    • Ongoing. ...
    • Consistent.
    Sep 1, 2012

    What are the 4 key features of the effective feedback model? ›

    “To be effective, feedback needs to be clear, purposeful, meaningful, and compatible with students' prior knowledge and to provide logical connections” (Hattie & Timperley, 2007, p.

    How much feedback is too much? ›

    This is a good rule of thumb when deciding how many people and how often you should request feedback. Normally we advise people to keep the number to under five people. Remember the quality of the feedback you give is more important than the amount.

    What is the best type of feedback? ›

    Impact feedback is the most effective type of feedback to start with because it informs a person about the results of their behavior without dissecting the details, assuming motivation, or placing blame.

    What are the 5 types of feedback? ›

    Types of feedback based on tone
    • Positive feedback. This is the type of feedback that we all want to hear, it's when someone praises our work. ...
    • Positive feedforward. ...
    • Negative feedback. ...
    • Negative feedforward. ...
    • Constructive feedback. ...
    • Destructive feedback.
    Apr 29, 2021

    What is the most common feedback? ›

    Positive feedback is arguably one of the most common forms of feedback. This method involves providing positive or affirming feedback pertaining to a past event. This method would be used if a teammate or colleague did something that you would like them to mimic or repeat in the future.

    What are the 2 types of feedback? ›

    There are two types of feedback: structured and unstructured.

    What is effective feedback? ›

    Effective feedback is a way of giving input that can be positive (such as a compliment), negative (such as a corrective measure) or neutral (such as a general observation), but it is always useful to the receiver. It provides recipients with insight or suggestions that contribute to desired outcomes.

    What is an example of feedback control in business? ›

    An example of feedback control is when a sales goal is set, the sales team works to reach that goal for three months, and at the end of the three-month period, managers review the results and determine whether the sales goal was achieved.

    What are examples of feedback control systems in everyday life? ›

    An everyday example of a feedback control system is an automobile speed control, which uses the difference between the actual and the desired speed to vary the fuel flow rate. Since the system output is used to regulate its input, such a device is said to be a closed-loop control system.

    What are the 3 elements of effective feedback? ›

    For the feedback process to be effective, these three elements must be clearly communicated.
    • Recognition of a specific action or behavior. ...
    • Identify the impact of the action or behavior. ...
    • Set expectations for future actions or behaviors.
    Dec 9, 2020

    What are 3 three tips for giving feedback? ›

    Here are some tips for providing feedback that is meaningful and actionable:
    • Prepare for the discussion. ...
    • Present the 'big picture' ...
    • Be tactful. ...
    • Meet face-to-face. ...
    • Focus on the fix. ...
    • Offer clear guidance. ...
    • Make it a conversation. ...
    • Follow up.
    Oct 6, 2022

    What makes good feedback? ›

    Good feedback is fair, honest and clear. The feedback wording, the mark and the aspects of the work the feedback refers to, need to be aligned or consistent.

    What are the 5 elements of effective feedback? ›

    5 Elements of Giving Effective Feedback
    • Respect Their Intelligence. You collaborate with talented creatives because they're smart. ...
    • Be Open-Minded. ...
    • Focus on the Why. ...
    • Honest Feedback is Privilege. ...
    • Be Consistent. ...
    • Delivering feedback isn't about your team or a specific problem—it's about you.

    What is the meaning of feedback control? ›

    Feedback Control Defined

    Feedback control is a process that managers can use to evaluate how effectively their teams meet the stated goals at the end of a production process. Feedback control evaluates the team's progress by comparing the output the team was planning on producing to what was actually produced.

    Videos

    1. New Features in PowerLog 11.1
    (GeoSoftware Reservoir Experts)
    2. Modern Robotics, Chapter 11.1: Control System Overview
    (Northwestern Robotics)
    3. Dynamic behavior of closed loop control system part 1
    (Madam Azreen)
    4. 11.1 Behavior closed loop stability bagian 1
    (Juwari Joe)
    5. Ableton Live 11.1 New Feature: Shifter
    (Catalyze Music Academy)
    6. FBPM-11.1.: Fundamentals of Business Process Management (BPM) - Process Dashboards
    (Jan Mendling)

    References

    Top Articles
    Latest Posts
    Article information

    Author: Kareem Mueller DO

    Last Updated: 08/09/2023

    Views: 5771

    Rating: 4.6 / 5 (46 voted)

    Reviews: 93% of readers found this page helpful

    Author information

    Name: Kareem Mueller DO

    Birthday: 1997-01-04

    Address: Apt. 156 12935 Runolfsdottir Mission, Greenfort, MN 74384-6749

    Phone: +16704982844747

    Job: Corporate Administration Planner

    Hobby: Mountain biking, Jewelry making, Stone skipping, Lacemaking, Knife making, Scrapbooking, Letterboxing

    Introduction: My name is Kareem Mueller DO, I am a vivacious, super, thoughtful, excited, handsome, beautiful, combative person who loves writing and wants to share my knowledge and understanding with you.